<html> element must have a valid value for the lang attribute

Rule ID: html-lang-valid
Ruleset: axe-core 4.9
User Impact: Serious
Guidelines: WCAG 2.1 (A), WCAG 2.0 (A), WCAG 2.2 (A), Trusted Tester, EN 301 549

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Compliance Data & Impact

User Impact

Serious
▼
Minor
Critical

Disabilities Affected

  • Blind
  • Deafblind
  • Cognitive

Standard(s)

  • WCAG 2.1 (A)
  • WCAG 2.0 (A)
  • WCAG 2.2 (A)
  • Trusted Tester
  • EN 301 549

WCAG Success Criteria [WCAG 2.1 (A)]

  • 3.1.1: MUST: Language of Page

WCAG Success Criteria [WCAG 2.0 (A)]

  • 3.1.1: MUST: Language of Page

WCAG Success Criteria [WCAG 2.2 (A)]

  • 3.1.1: MUST: Language of Page

Trusted Tester Guidelines

  • 11.A: MUST: The default human language of each web page can be programmatically determined.

    How to Fix the Problem

    Add a lang or xml:lang attribute to the html element (e.g. <html lang="en"> or <html xml:lang="en">) whose value represents the primary language of document.

    Make sure you identify a language in the opening <html> element and spell the attribute correctly. For example, if the primary language of a document is English, you could specify the language as follows: 

    <html lang="en">
  <!--document head and body-->
</html>

    If you would like, you can even specify some dialects with codes such as "en-US" to signify American English or "fr-CA" for Canadian French. You can find a list of language and dialect codes on the internet.

    If the language changes within a document, you can specify this as follows: 

    <p>Text in one language <span lang="es">text in another language</span></p>

    If you are using a language that is written right to left, be sure to specify this using the dir attribute: 

    <p lang="ar" dir="rtl">Arabic text here</p>

    If you would like to specify that a language is written left to right, you can fill the value of the dir attribute with the value "ltr".

    Why it Matters

    When configuring a screen reader, users select a default language. If the language of a webpage is not specified, the screen reader assumes the default language set by the user. Language settings are an issue for users who speak multiple languages and access website in more than one language. It is essential to specify a language and ensure that it is valid so website text is pronounced correctly.

    Screen readers use different sound libraries for each language, based on the pronunciation and characteristics of that language. Screen readers can switch between these language libraries easily, but only if the documents correctly specify which language(s) to read. If the language is not specified, the screen reader reads the document in the user's default language, resulting in a confusing accent! It is impossible to understand anything when screen readers are using the wrong language library.

    Rule Description

    The HTML document must contain a valid lang attribute or must correspond to a valid lang code for multilingual screen reader users who may prefer a language other than the default.

    The Algorithm (in simple terms)

    Ensures that every HTML document has a lang or xml:lang attribute and that the attribute's value is valid value.

    Resources

    Deque University Course Pages (subscription required)

    Contribute to axe-core on GitHub

    Other Resources

    You may also want to check out these other resources.

    Refer to the complete list of axe 4.9 rules.

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