All cells in a <table> element that use the headers attribute must only refer to other cells of that same <table>

Rule ID: td-headers-attr
Ruleset: axe-core 4.4
User Impact: Serious
Guidelines: WCAG 2.1 (A), WCAG 2.0 (A), Section 508

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Compliance Data & Impact

User Impact

Serious
Minor
Critical

Disabilities Affected

  • Blind
  • Deafblind

Standard(s)

  • WCAG 2.1 (A)
  • WCAG 2.0 (A)
  • Section 508

WCAG Success Criteria [WCAG 2.1 (A)]

  • 1.3.1: MUST: Info and Relationships

WCAG Success Criteria [WCAG 2.0 (A)]

  • 1.3.1: MUST: Info and Relationships

Section 508 Guidelines

  • 1194.22: MUST: Web based intranet and Internet Information & Applications
  • 1194.22 (g): MUST: Row and column headers shall be identified for data tables.” and “(h) Markup shall be used to associate data cells and header cells for data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or column headers.

How to Fix the Problem

To fix the problem, ensure that each cell in a table using headers refers to another cell in the same table by creating a scope attribute value on each th element within tr elements. This rule checks that references to header columns and rows connect to specific td elements.

The scope attribute tells the browser and screen reader that everything under the column is related to the header at the top, and everything to the right of the row header is related to that header.

Applying the scope attribute to our table the markup now looks like this:

Example

<table>
  <caption><strong>Greensprings Running Club Personal Bests</strong></caption>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th scope="col">Name</th>
      <th scope="col">1 mile</th>
      <th scope="col">5 km</th>
      <th scope="col">10 km</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>

  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Mary</th>
      <td>8:32</td>
      <td>28:04</td>
      <td>1:01:16</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Betsy</th>
      <td>7:43</td>
      <td>26:47</td>
      <td>55:38</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Matt</th>
      <td>7:55</td>
      <td>27:29</td>
      <td>57:04</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Todd</th>
      <td>7:01</td>
      <td>24:21</td>
      <td>50:35</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>

</table>

See Using id and headers attributes to associate data cells with header cells in data tables for a specific example connecting data cells to one ore more header cell within a data table.

Note that the top headers for Name, 1 mile, 5 km and 10 km are all marked up with th elements, as are the row headers for Mary, Betsy, Matt and Todd. Each of these header cell have also been given the scope attribute values of col or row depending on whether they are column or row header cells.

One more method to associating header cells with data cells uses the colgroup and rowgroup values of the scope attribute. This markup technique is use to indicate headers spanning multiple columns or rows. Consider the following table from Mozilla's Learn HTML Developer Docs:

Items Sold August 2016
Clothes Accessories
Trousers Skirts Dresses Bracelets Rings
Belgium Antwerp 56 22 43 72 23
Gent 46 18 50 61 15
Brussels 51 27 38 69 28
The Netherlands Amsterdam 89 34 69 85 38
Utrecht 80 12 43 36 19

Example including scope="colgroup" and scope="rowgroup" values on th elements

<table>
  <caption>Items Sold August 2016</caption>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <th colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Clothes</th>
      <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Accessories</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td></td>
      <th scope="col">Trousers</th>
      <th scope="col">Skirts</th>
      <th scope="col">Dresses</th>
      <th scope="col">Bracelets</th>
      <th scope="col">Rings</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup">Belgium</th>
      <th scope="row">Antwerp</th>
      <td>56</td>
      <td>22</td>
      <td>43</td>
      <td>72</td>
      <td>23</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Gent</th>
      <td>46</td>
      <td>18</td>
      <td>50</td>
      <td>61</td>
      <td>15</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Brussels</th>
      <td>51</td>
      <td>27</td>
      <td>38</td>
      <td>69</td>
      <td>28</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup">The Netherlands</th>
      <th scope="row">Amsterdam</th>
      <td>89</td>
      <td>34</td>
      <td>69</td>
      <td>85</td>
      <td>38</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Utrecht</th>
      <td>80</td>
      <td>12</td>
      <td>43</td>
      <td>36</td>
      <td>19</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Why it Matters

Screen readers have a specific way of announcing tables. When tables are not properly marked up, this creates the opportunity for confusing or inaccurate screen reader output.

Sighted users can usually tell at a glance what the table's headers are and what their relationship to the data is. For non-sighted users this must be done in the markup.

When a data table is designed with accessibility in mind, the user enters into table navigation mode, which allows the user to navigate from cell to cell within the table while hearing the screen reader announce the corresponding table headers for the data cells. Hearing the table headers is especially helpful when navigating through large data tables, or when cells contain similar-sounding data that could be easily confused.

Table navigation mode is not useful, though, if the table lacks accessibility features.

Rule Description

Data table markup can be tedious and confusing. Markup tables semantically and with the correct header structure. Screen readers have features to ease table navigation, but tables must be marked up accurately for these features to work correctly.

The Algorithm (in simple terms)

Checks that data tables are marked up semantically and have the correct header structure.

Resources

Refer to the complete list of axe 4.4 rules.

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